`` The Minister s Black Veil `` By Nathaniel Hawthorne

Humans consistently have presented themselves as a different creature than who they may be inside. The struggle between mans good and evil interpersonal tendencies are at constant war with each other, and with that, the seven deadly sins present themselves in a variety of ways. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, this idea of the constant struggle between good and evil is brought to the surface primarily through the characters of Rev. Hooper, Elizabeth, Hooper’s fiancà ©, Goodman Grey, Rev. Clark, and the townspeople. The story opens with the sexton tolling the bell, summoning the townspeople to the church for their weekly sermon. Astonished at the sight of Reverend Hooper’s black veil, whispers and fear sweep through the congregation. Many people believe he had gone insane, or hiding some deadly sin. The melancholy black veil intensifies his sermon making it appear more powerful, much more so than his normally mild, calm pre aching style. Isolation encompasses Hooper. People avoid him; all but his fiancà ©. She cries and pleas for the veil to come off, but Hooper refuses, causing her to leave. There are multiple instances of a resigned smile flashing across his face, and that, too, puzzles the townspeople. Father Hooper ages, and is laying on his deathbed. Reverend Mr. Clark is standing over him, and asks to remove the veil to restore Mr. Hoopers legacy to one of a godly nature. The dying minister, with a sudden surge of energy, moves his hands from under theShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s The Minister s Black Veil1557 Words   |  7 Pagesstories always either have a moral or a symbol of something. In the small story of The Minister’s Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne he uses symbols, characteristics, he uses mystery. Nathaniel was born in 1804 in Salem Massachusetts and died in 1864 in Plymouth New Hampshire. Nathaniel was a very hardworking man he put a â€Å"w† in his name beca use he wanted to distance himself from his ancestors. Nathaniel would move a lot from Concord to Salem from Salem to some other city then to England, after England†¦Read MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Minister s Black Veil1975 Words   |  8 Pagesrealistic plot lines, morbid language, and many emotional torments. Nathaniel Hawthorne is well known for his contributions to this nineteenth century style. His works â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Ministers Black Veil† offer insight to the evil and dark sides of life that are lurking inside every human being and society. This evil is often formatted into the theme of sin, with much variation to each work. Whether Hawthorne describes selfishness, obsession, or even passion, the concealing ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Minister s Black Veil 2532 Words   |  11 Pages If any single quality dominates the fiction of Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is a consistent fascination with the idea of huma n sin. This is explored and expressed in a wide variety of ways by him; a novel like The Scarlet Letter treats sin as more of a failing demanding understanding, while The House of the Seven Gables is a more complex treatment of sin, guilt, and redemption. So too do Hawthorne s short stories vary in how they address sin, but it remains clear that it is the core element of themRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Minister s Black Veil876 Words   |  4 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† mystery plays a huge role when it comes to plot, and character development. At the end of this story the minister who is wearing the veil rhetorically asks, â€Å"What but the mystery which it obscurely typifies has made this piece of crape so awful?† (Hawthorne 1044). Hawthorne has built up this character so carefully and intensely to this point, to quite directly state that this veil on his face represents mystery. The minister also begs the questionRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Minister s Black Veil 954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Ralph Waldo Emerson, as both authors profess that a person who has realized their ideal self has grown to possess an ed ucation and is willing to sacrifice worldly pleasures for the sake of progress. The first similar major theme in the works of these men is the need for education to reach a higher form of self. Though each man has a different definition for education, the core theme is the same. Nathaniel Hawthorne, in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† provides anRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter And The Minister s Black Veil 1083 Words   |  5 Pagesof his writing counterparts, Nathaniel Hawthorne extensively uses symbolism in several of his major works to explore sin and human nature. The Scarlett Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister s Black Veil† are all vivid examples of this exploration and are the focus of this analysis. Before discussing his works, it is important to explore Hawthorne’s background to better understand how they connect to his writing and to his use of dark romanticism. Hawthorne came from Puritan ancestry. HisRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter And The Ministers Black Veil1146 Words   |  5 PagesPamela Hernandez Honors American literature West 15 October 2015 Nathaniel Hawthorne Utilization of Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of both stories The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"The Ministers Black Veil† utilizes symbols to show the lasting impact it leaves on the individual and in the community around them. In The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"The Ministers Black Veil† both main characters Hester Prynne and Reverend Mr. Hopper both have symbols in which both are of great significance. Hester’s symbolRead MoreEmotional Guilt in Nathaniel Hawthorne ´s The Minister ´s Black Veil1418 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes The Minister’s Black Veil is a story of guilt, humility, sin, hypocrisy, love, compounded emotional stability and trials of life. It is a work of gothic literary art that describes the complexity of emotions and the psychological give and take that takes place when processing and dealing with any human emotion. The gothic writing style Hawthorne uses in The Ministers Black Veil makes it easy for him to focus on one main emotion: guilt. Hawt horne is no stranger to guilt, a hugeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown And The Minister s Black Veil Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804 (Belasco). Hawthorne’s ancestry relates all the way back to the witch trials that took place in Salem during 1692 and 1693; his ancestor John Hathorne, was one of the three judges during the trials (Nathaniel Hawthorne). After Hawthorne graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, he moved back to Salem and lived with his mother while he worked on his writing for the next twelve years (Belasco). During this time, he changed his lastRead MoreDanielle Norman. Professor Karsak. Enc 1102. March 19 2016.1332 Words   |  6 PagesSecret Sin Hidden Behind a Black Veil â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the story of a parish pastor in Milford, New England. For unknown reasons, Parson Hooper has taken to wearing a dark veil on his face that covers all but his lips and chin. This veil immediately causes an uproar amongst the church members. Despite the fact that Parson Hooper’s behavior is largely the same, the people are genuinely shocked. Right away, they view this black veil as a sign the pastor is hiding

The Writing Style of Elie Wiesel Essay - 895 Words

The Writing Style of Elie Wiesel In the memoir Night, Elie Wiesel uses a distinct writing style to relate to his readers what emotions he experienced and how he changed while in the concentration camps of Buna, during the Holocaust. He uses techniques like irony, contrast, and an unrealistic way of describing what happens to accomplish this. By applying these techniques, Wiesel projects a tone of bitterness, confusion and grief into his story. Through his writing Wiesel gives us a window into the complete abandonment of reason he adopted and lived in during the Holocaust. Wiesel uses a black irony to emphasize the absence of normality in the concentration camps. As Eliezer marches into Auschwitz he notices a sign with the caption,†¦show more content†¦However, he uses ambiguous details to describe how the man dies, only saying, â€Å"Falling back onto the ground, his face stained with soup†¦ then he moved no more† (57). The very descriptive explanation of whe n and where the bombing occurred is not as important as the moment the man dies, yet Wiesel chooses to describe the less important event more than the other. By not telling us how the man dies he leaves us wondering and makes us conclude how and even if the prisoner dies. By making us examine the death of the prisoner more closely we are left with a deeper impression of the event. The sudden change from a peaceful day of rest to one of chaos is another way of showing the confusion Eliezer feels. The scene of the dying man resonates in our mind and shows us the horrors of the concentration camps. Wiesel also beautifully illustrates the desperation of the prisoners in Buna by telling us about a man who would risk death just to have a bit of extra soup (57). One last writing technique Wiesel employs is an almost unrealistic quality to the way he describes some events. As Eliezer travels to a new camp he is forced to stay in a shed, cramped together, one on top of another with the r est of the Jews. There he hears the sound of a violin, â€Å"in this dark shed, where theShow MoreRelatedNight And Dawn : The Revolutionizing Story Of Tragedy1663 Words   |  7 PagesNight and Dawn: The Revolutionizing Story of Tragedy Throughout the course of history, time has been kind to some, and evil to others. To Elie Wiesel, time has been a ruthless machine that only caused hardship and sorrow. Elie Wiesel had to encounter arguably the most tragic event in history, the Holocaust, which took the life of his mother, father, and siblings, in addition to 6 million other Jews. Essentially, the Holocaust stemmed from Adolf Hitler gaining power of Germany in World War II, whichRead MoreMegan Cooper . Instructor Klug. English 10B. April 21,968 Words   |  4 Pages Megan Cooper Instructor Klug English 10B April 21, 2017 Analyzing Night Style The Holocaust was the systematic and bureaucratic murder of six million Jews by the Nazi party and its collaborators. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities targeted many groups of people because of their perceived racial inferiority including Gypsies, the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples. Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds. Several authorsRead MoreNight Trilogy By Elie Wiesel1075 Words   |  5 Pages14 10 June 2015 Night Trilogy Criticism Elie Wiesel’s Night Trilogy is comprised of an autobiography about Wiesel’s experience during the Holocaust and the horrific struggle he faced while in concentration camps, and two other stories depicting the rise of Israel and an accident. The acclaimed Holocaust writer is most well-known for Night due to its effect across the globe. Dawn and Day are not autobiographies, yet they have lingering presences of Wiesel in the main characters and narrators. HeRead MoreThe Holocaust Was The Systematic And Bureaucratic Murder Of Six Million Jews By The Nazi Party1099 Words   |  5 Pages Megan Cooper Instructor Klug English 10B May 1st, 2017 Analyzing Night Style The Holocaust was the systematic and bureaucratic murder of six million Jews by the Nazi party and its collaborators. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities targeted many groups of people because of their perceived racial inferiority including Gypsies, the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples. Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds. Several authorsRead MoreThe Night By Elie Wiesel904 Words   |  4 PagesIn Night by Elie Wiesel, the author reflects on his own experience of being separated from his family and eventually his own religion. This separation was not by any means voluntary, they were forced apart during the Holocaust. Wiesel was a Jew when the invasion of Hungary occurred and the Germans ripped members of his religion away from their home in Sighet. A once peaceful community where Wiesel learned to love the Kabbalah was now home to only dust and lost memories. Most members of that JewishRead MoreNight, By Eli e Wiesel809 Words   |  4 Pagesunbearable. Everyday you wake up with this feeling that you’re going to die; sometimes you don’t even fear this happening. In the book â€Å"Night† the author Elie Wiesel takes the reader to a place in time that they wouldn‘t ever want to journey to. He gives you a picture of the real gruesomeness and terrifying circumstances that came from the Holocaust. Wiesel tells of his time spent at the Auschwitz concentration camp, and then to Buchenwald. Though the book is only a little over one-hundred pages, you areRead More Elie Wiesel’s Night and Corrie Ten Booms The Hiding Place Essay2856 Words   |  12 PagesElie Wiesel’s Night and Corrie Ten Booms The Hiding Place Many outsiders strive but fail to truly comprehend the haunting incident of World War II’s Holocaust. None but survivors and witnesses succeed to sense and live the timeless pain of the event which repossesses the core of human psyche. Elie Wiesel and Corrie Ten Boom are two of these survivors who, through their personal accounts, allow the reader to glimpse empathy within the soul and the heart. Elie Wiesel (1928- ), a journalist andRead MoreComparing Night And Siddhartha1111 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"We go on and on about our differences. But, you know, our differences are less important than our similarities. People have a lot in common with one another, whether they see that or not† (William Hall). In both Night by Elie Wiesel and Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse, there was a great deal of self discovery that took place. In Siddhartha, Siddhartha tried to do whatever it took to reach enlightenment. However, in Night, the protagonist worked for a countless number of hou rs so he could become freeRead MoreNight and Maus2669 Words   |  11 Pagesby Art Spiegelman and Night by Elie Wiesel are two highly praised Holocaust books that illustrate the horrors of the Holocaust. Night is a traditional narrative that mainly focuses on Elie’s experiences throughout the holocaust while Maus is a comic book that focuses on the relationship between Art and his father and the generational trauma Art is going through as well as his father’s experiences during the Holocaust. Night and Maus are very different styles of writing but they both focus on familyRead MoreThe Hiding Place vs. Night2929 Words   |  12 Pagesof World War IIs Holocaust. None but survivors and witnesses succeed to sense and live the timeless pain of the event which repossesses the core of human psyche. Elie Wiesel and Corrie Ten Boom are two of these survivors who, through their personal accounts, allow the reader to glimpse empathy within the soul and the heart. Elie Wiesel (1 928- ), a journalist and Professor of Humanities at Boston University, is an author of 21 books. The first of his collection, entitled Night, is a terrifying account

Killer Angels Essay Thesis Example For Students

Killer Angels Essay Thesis The Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to thesmall town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburgwas as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels givesthe full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped Americas future. Michael Shaara tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes ofthe generals and men involved in the action of the battle. The historicalaccount of the Battle of Gettysburg gives the reader a chance to experience thebattle personally and not the history book manner taught in schools. Ahistorical novel gives the facts straightforward and provides no commentary bythe people involved in history. The historical account of the Battle ofGettysburg, as seen in Killer Angels, provides the facts of the battle as seenthrough the eyes of Generals Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet,and John Buford. The feelings and inner-thoughts of each General and theconditions of the battle are seen, heard, and felt by the reader in thehistorical account. Shaara takes historical license with letters, the words ofthe men, and documents written during the three hellish days of the battle. Shaara avoids historical opinion and provides his own opinion towards the CivilWar and the people. The historical account of the Civil War, the Battle ofGettysburg specifically, in Killer Angels conveys the attitude to toward war,attitude towards the Civil War, and cause for fighting the war of General RobertE. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford. General Robert E. Lee gained stoic and legendary status as the heart and soul of the South in theCivil War, but many did not know his reasons and feelings for fighting the war. War and the slaughter of others did not interest Lee and he felt compassion forthe Union. Lee had contradictory feelings towards war and says, He was notonly to serve in it but he was to lead it, to make the plans, and issue theorders to kill and burn and ruinhe could not do that (Shaara 263). TheCivil War is not in the taste of General Lee, but feels it is his duty, and hecannot just stand by and watch the war pass him by. Michael Shaara says ofLees reason for fighting the Civil War , He found that he had nochoiceLee could not raise his hand against his own. And so what then? Tostand by and do nothing? It had nothing to do with causes; it was no longer amatter of vows (Shaara 263). Shaara, through his commentary on General Lee,explains that Lee did not want to fight the war but had to. Lee felt it was hisduty to fight for his fellow countrymen, but not for a cause, land, or slavery. So it was no cause and no country he fought for, no ideal and no justice. Hefought for his people, for the children, and the kin, and not even the land,because the land was worth the war, but the people were, General Lee says (Shaara263). General Lee fights for himself and has no choice but to fight, knowing inthe end that he might be wrong with his cause and pay the price someday. GeneralLee is not a proponent of war, but he will serve his country with honor and dutyif necessary. A man of ideals and honor represent the character of Union ColonelJoshua Chamberlain. Being a man of education, Chamberlain knows the demeaningand repulsive nature of slavery and has come to fight to end it. Chamberlainhates the whole idea of the Civil War and the death and destruction that goesalong with it. I used my brother to plug a hole. Did it automatically as ifhe were expendable, says Chamberlain (Shaara 304). He hates the idea thatmen, including his brother, are dying out in the fight for slavery. The onlyreason he believes in the Civil War is that if he the North did not fightfreedom would be tarnished and a great travesty would occur. Chamberlain is nota man of war and blood and doesnt relish war and its qualities. The idea ofwar in general to Chamberlain was ludicrous, as he once wrote Man: The KillerAngel. Chamberlain believes all other wars have been unnecessary expect forthe Civil War because it is a different kind of war. He says, This is adifferent kind of army. If you look at history youll see men fight for pay,or women, or some kind of loot. They fight because a king makes them. Butwere here for something new. Were an army going to set other menfree (Shaara 30). Chamberlain is fighting the war because he believes everyman should have the right to freedom. Americans fight for mankind, forfreedom; for the people, not the land, says Chamberlain in regard to why heis fighting the war (Shaara 29). Chamberlain is fighting this war because thefact of slavery upon this inc redibly beautiful new clean land was appalling,and true freedom would eventually spread all over the world, but it startedhere Many of us came . . . because it was the right thing to do (Shaara29). James Longstreet was a General under-appreciated for the great talents andstrategies he possessed in regard to war. Longstreet was a glory man who lovedwar for its comradery and action it possessed. However, Longstreet doesntbelieve and hates the idea of fighting the Civil War. He is put up against themen he commanded and served with before the war, and Longstreet feelstraitorous. It came to him in the night sometimes with a sudden appallingshock that the boys he was fighting were boys he had grown up with, saysShaara on behalf of Longstreet. General Longstreet aside from his feelings isvery professional and is out to win the war, no matter at what cost. He needs nocause except victory as Longstreet says, He did not think much of theCause the Cause was Victory (Shaara 63). General Longstr eet does not knowwhy he is fighting the war except for the fact that he had to choose a side orget caught in the middle so he chose the South. You choose your nightmareside. Once chosen, you put your head down and went on to win, says Longstreeton behalf of his choice to fight. As General Longstreet says to General Lee,You have no Cause. You and I, we have no Cause (Shaara 63). Longstreet isa lost soul among men and fights because he has to not because he wants to. Hefeels a great remorse and shame in fighting the men that he used to lead. He hada great love for battle and the army, but the Civil War has tarnished that. Charles Dickens, Great Expectations EssayThe vivid details included in the book help to draw and etch the gory picturesof war into ones mind. The generals each relay their feelings about the deathand destruction of the war to the reader. The reader gets the feeling that theauthor is communicating only the negative aspects of the war and not too much ofthe glory. All the Generals, Colonels, and men involved cannot seem to stoptalking about the lives theyve seen lost and men wounded. General Lee and theother men explain that theyve has lost many great comrades and officers inthe battle. Shaara keeps sharp attention to all the blood and bullets flyingaround the whole time so the reader feels that war is hell in essence. Robert E. Lee is the heart and soul of the South and people depended on him to lead theSouth into victory. The South admired him for the pride he brought and the Northadmired him for his military prowess. One man goes as far as to say, Wellmaybe you are come from an ape, and maybe I am come from an ape, but GeneralLee, he didnt come from no ape (Shaara 131). Robert E. Lee is the saviorand leader for the people of the South, and they worshiped him. No man in theNorth or South doubted his military genius or ever went far enough to challengewhat he said. Fremantle explained that Lee was a mythical hero even in England,he was a gentlemans man. Well. They love him. They do not blame him. Theydo impossible things for him, says Fremantle (Shaara 162). Men would doanything make Lee proud. The Northern generals were afraid to go against him attimes and respected his power. However, General Longstreet through the course ofthe book begins to doubt the old mans power to make decisions. Longstreetkeeps to himself to not offend anybody, especially since General Lee was a lovedman by all. Longstreet feels that Lee is too powerful and sometimes makes thewrong decisions without somebody being able to tell him he is wrong. The menshield from blaming Lee. The Old Man is becoming untouchable, says Longstreet(Shaara 240). Longstreet feels that Lees mythical status is getting in theway of the war and might end up hurting him. The overall impression of Lee isthat he is a mythical and legendary person to most, but Longstreet quietly doesnot see him as the superhuman he is made to seem. The Civil War was the greatestbattle ever waged on American soil and once it was over the battlefield lay inruins. The men, the fortunate ones who survived, moved on to bigger andbetter battles. However, the battle scars, both emotional and physical, remainedforever. General John Buford is greatly weakened by his wounds from the battleand fights through the summer. In December 1863 Buford goes down with Typhoidfe ver and dies without receiving recognition for saving the high ground andperhaps the battle. Colonel Joshua Chamberlain is given a brigade after thebattle of Gettysburg but is wounded six times. He is regarded as one of thegreatest soldiers in American history, and receives numerous medals for honorduring the Battle of Gettysburg. Ulysses Grant gives him the honor of MajorGeneral for heroism and is chosen by Grant as the officer to receive theSouthern surrender at Appomattox. Chamberlain is elected the governor of Maineand eventually elected President of Bowdoin College. He dies from his wounds inJune 1914 at the age of eighty-three. General Longstreet asks to be relieved ofcommand after the Battle of Gettysburg, but Lee makes him stay. After the war heblames Lee for the loss of Gettysburg, and this does not sit well with people. His theory of defensive war is very advanced for the time. He serves asPresident of Washington College until his death in 1904. General Lee remains thesymbol of all that is proud and noble in the South. He asks to be relieved ofhis command but it is denied. After the war he asks for pardon from Congress andit is denied until 1970. Lee dies of heart disease in 1870.

Picture This You Are Going To Travel Over One Thousand Essays

Picture this: You are going to travel over one thousand miles across Alaska---by car? by train? by plane? NO!! You are travelling by dogsled - your only companions on this journey will be eleven to fourteen of the most honest, loyal and strong dogs that you can find. For over six grueling months, you and your carefully selected dogs have been training, and now it is up to you and your canine companions. For sledders (or "mushers") this is a dream come true because they are about to start the Iditarod - a name possibly derived from the Indian word "Ingalik" meaning"distant place". Only half of the starting team of dogs will finish. Those with the strongest heart and the will to go on against overwhelming odds will complete the race. The Iditarod is a dogsled race that takes place in Alaska every year. It goes from Anchorage (Alaska's largest city) to Nome, stretching over 1,000 miles of icy, snow-covered ground. The Iditarod was begun in the 1960's when people tried to restore tradition to Alaska. It was first run to commemorate a trip that took place in 1925 to deliver medicine to Nome. The race has two routes, the Northern and the Southern. In even-numbered years, the Northern route is used and in odd-numbered years, the Southern route is used. The Iditarod is the hardest and toughest dogsled race there is. Sometimes the mushers get so tired, they hallucinate. What makes the race so demanding? Three features: time, temperature and distance. The temperature in Alaska is so cold that it can reach up to 40 degrees below zero during the running of the race. Because it gets so cold, the mushers have to wear several layers of clothing. One of the major sponsors (Timberland) has made specially-designed clothes to keep them warm, including sleeping bags, snowshores, special long underwear, boots for wet and dry surfaces, water resistant climbing suits, and mittens made out of beaver skin. Other equipment includes dog "booties" for the dogs' feet, and a six foot long 28 pound tobaggan. One tobaggan, made by North Star is called the "Ferrari " of dogsleds. More than one sled is used. As the land gets flatter and icier, a new sled with flat runners is used. This sled is easier for the dogs to pull on the icy surface. For training, the dogs are split up into two teams for three days of workout and one day of rest. It is critical that the dogs be able to maintain their pace even when they are exhausted. The dogs get a few days off before the "big day". Sometimes accidents can happen. For example, when training, Bruce Johnsen, Canada's top musher, plunged through the ice of a frozen lake where he and his eight dog team died. The mushers and their team can get attacked by a moose, like when Susan Butcher got attacked by a near 500 pound moose, killing two of her dogs and injuring one. Mushers are now starting to carry weapons to defend themselves from moose. While the team is on the trail, the mushers drive the team for six to eight hours at a time, then they take a break and feed the dogs (beaver and horsemeat, plus beef). They also rest or sleep. During the first couple of miles out of Anchorage, the dogs go about 14 miles an hour, but after that they slow down slightly to 11 or 12 miles per hour. The starting positions are drawn based upon when a person enters. To enter the race, you must complete a 200 mile race. When the race starts, each team has a one day supply of food. Also on the trail are 25 checkpoints that each team must check in at. At some checkpoints, veterinarians check the dogs. Some mushers pick up fresh dogs and leave the tired ones at the checkpoint. For some mushers, the prize money at the end of the race is enough to keep them going ($50,000 to the winner, and $150,000 split among the next ten finishers). But for others it is an honor just to finish the trail. IDITAROD FACTS: Mushers rely on voice commands. Among them are: Mush! - Let's go! Gee! - Turn right! Haw! - Turn Left! Whoa! - Stop! SUPPLIES: - Snowhoes, sleeping bag. - Eight booties per dog, plus a restraint to carry an injured or sick dog on the sled. - Two pounds of food per dog. - Three dog drop chains (for dogs left at checkpoints) - Hand ax, head lamp, matches or lighter, plus emergency - lighting equipment CHECKLIST: Gangline: heavy nylon line that harnesses the dogs' strength to the back of the sled. Tugline:

Di-n-butyl phthalate Essays

Di-n-butyl phthalate Essays Di-n-butyl phthalate Essay Di-n-butyl phthalate Essay Abstraction Di-n-butyl phthalate ( DBP ) is a omnipresent environmental pollutant, extensively used as a plasticiser in many merchandises including plastics, cosmetics and medical devices. Some surveies have showed that DBP has possible testicular toxicity, nevertheless, the mechanism of action of DBP on male reproduction is non clear. The present survey was designed to further look into the possible male generative toxicity of DBP more wholly. Oxidative emphasis was besides assessed in rat testicles as an implicit in mechanism. Forty SD grownup rats were indiscriminately allotted to four groups, and DBP was administered to each group by unwritten forced feeding at doses of 0 ( control ) , 100, 250 and 500mg/kg/day for 2 back-to-back hebdomads. The consequences indicated that the generative toxicity of DBP is dose-dependent. Body weight and testicular weight was significantly decreased in rats of DBP exposure at dosage of 500mg/kg/day. Sperm count and motility were significantly decreased at dos es of 250 and 500mg/kg/day group. The same two doses significantly inhibited the activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) , and glutathione ( GSH ) while the degree of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) was significantly increased in testicles of rats. Microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) staining showed that seminiferous tubules wasting and seminiferous epithelial cells disintegrated and shed in rats of DBP exposure at doses of 500mg/kg/day. In decision, DBP alters the testicular construction and map, at least partially, by bring oning oxidative emphasis in testicles of grownup rats. Cardinal words: Di-n-butyl phthalate ; Reproductive toxicity ; Testis ; Oxidative emphasis 1 Introduction Recent epidemiological information showed that the human seeds quality has declined during the last 60 old ages, whereas the incidence of male venereal piece of land abnormalcies and sterility has increased [ 1-2 ] . Infertility affects 10-15 % of twosomes, male factors account for about half of all sterility instances. Although modern diagnostic methods detect more and more organic causes of sterility, unluckily, about 50 % of sterility instances are still unexplained for work forces [ 3 ] . The recent diminution in sperm quality observed in work forces has developed over a short period of clip, proposing that it could be the consequence of environmental factors [ 2 ] . Recently, there has been increased consciousness of the possible effects of environmental contaminations on male reproduction [ 4-5 ] . Di-n-butyl phthalate ( DBP ) is a omnipresent environmental pollutant, It is a phthalic acid ester used extensively as a plasticiser in many merchandises including flexible plastics, medical devices and some decorative preparations [ 6,7 ] . DBP have attracted particular attending from the scientific community and the general public due to their high production volume, in million of dozenss yearly [ 8 ] . Human exposure occurs chiefly through contaminated nutrient and H2O, particularly high-fat nutrients, which may be in contact with plastic, adhesives, or other packing stuffs that contain DBP, pharmaceutical preparations besides result in important human exposure, because assorted plasticisers are used to surface medical specialties such as antibiotics, antihistamines and laxatives [ 9 ] . Although there are deficient informations for DBP effects on human reproduction, some surveies in gnawers have reported the influence of DBP on the male generative system [ 10-12 ] . To day of the month, nevertheless, the mechanisms of generative toxicology of DBP are still ill-defined and need to be farther studied. Oxidative emphasis consequences from an instability between the inordinate formation of reactive O species ( ROS ) and limited antioxidant defences. ROS, including vest O, H peroxide, superoxide anion and hydroxyl group, are of import go-betweens of cellular hurt, and play an of import function in oxidative harm. Environmental contaminations have been shown to bring on ROS coevals in both intra- and extracellular infinites of cells or persons taking to cell decease and tissue hurt [ 13,14 ] . Previous surveies from our research lab have besides shown that environmental factors alter pro-oxidant and antioxidant balance in testicle [ 15,16 ] . Therefore, the present survey was designed to further look into the male generative toxicity of DBP, oxidative emphasis was besides assessed in testicles as a possible implicit in mechanism. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Animals and intervention 40 healthy grownup male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-210 g were obtained from Experimental Animal Center of Xian Jiaotong University. Animals were housed in solid-bottomed polycarbonate coops in SPF carnal research lab with a temperature 21-25? and a comparative humidness of 40-60 % . Rats were acclimatized at a 12 H light / 12 H dark rhythm and fed a standard diet and tap H2O ad libitum for a hebdomad before the experiments. Experiments were performed in conformity with the Animal Experimentation Committee Regulation. The rats were divided at random into four groups, each consisting 10 persons. Rats in DBP-exposed groups were given DBP ( Sigma Chemical Co. , St. Louis, MO ) at a dosage of 100, 250, 500mg/kg/day ( 1ml/100g organic structure weight ) severally by unwritten forced feeding for 2 back-to-back hebdomads. Rats in the control group were orally administered maize oil in the same volume for 2 back-to-back hebdomads. 2.2 In-life observations All rats were observed at least twice per twenty-four hours. Changes in the tegument and pelt, mucose membranes, respiration and carnal behaviour were monitored. Body weight was later recorded one time per hebdomad before autopsy. 2.3 Testicular histopathology At the terminal of the exposure, the rats were sacrificed by an overdose of pentobarbital Na ( 50 mg/kg, i.p, Sigma, USA ) , the testicles were instantly removed and weighed. The left testicles of each rat were used for histopathological survey and the right for biochemical check. Left testes was fixed in fresh Bouin s solution for 24 hours and so dehydrated and embedded in paraffin, eventually 4  µm subdivisions were cut and stained with hematoxylin A ; eosin ( HE ) . The tissue subdivisions were observed under a light microscope for the testicles histopathology harmonizing to Bustos-Obregon et Al [ 17 ] . 2.4 Epididymal sperm analysis Epididymiss were dissected out and instantly minced with all right scissors in 5 mL physiological saline at 37? , and so incubated at 37? for 30 min to let sperm cell to go forth the epididymal tubules. One bead of sperm suspension was placed on a slide for light microscope observation of sperm motility at a magnification of -400, a sum of 200 sperm per sample were evaluated. Entire sperm figure was estimated utilizing Neubaeur haemocytometer harmonizing to old methods [ 15 ] . 2.5 Testicular biochemical checks ( Assay of oxidative position and enzymatic antioxidant ) ) Right testicles of each rat was instantly de-capsulated, cleaned and washed in precooling physiological saline several times and homogenized in 0.1mol/L pH 7.4 precooling phosphate buffered saline ( PBS ) , the homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 -g for 15 min and the supernatant was used for biochemical checks. The activities of glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and the content of glutathione ( GSH ) and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) in testicles were detected utilizing commercial Assay Kit ( Jiancheng biotech Int, Nanjing ) . 2.6 Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were carried out utilizing SPSS statistical package version 13.0 ( SPSS, Chicago, USA ) . First, all informations are tested for normal distribution ( Shapiro-Wilks ) and homogeneousness of discrepancies ( Bartlett trial ) , specifying whether the consequences should be analyzed parametrically or non-parametrically. Finally, statistical analysis was performed utilizing one-way ANOVA, all Data were expressed as mean ±SD. P lt ; 0.05 was considered as important. 3 Consequences 3.1 General position of Rats All rats treated with and without DBP survived the 14-day observation period, general position ( skin and fur colour, reactivity ) in rats of 100 and 250mg/kg/day DBP exposure groups showed no obvious difference compared with those in the control group. However, rats in 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure group showed rarefaction of hair and torpor of reaction. 3.2 The organic structure and testicles weight Compared with the control group, organic structure weight and testicles weight were significantly decreased in rats of 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) ( Fig. 1, 2 ) . 3.3 Testicular histopathology Compared with controls ( Fig. 3A ) , the morphology of testicular seminiferous tubules of rats the 100 and 250mg/kg/day groups ( Fig. 3B, 3C ) showed no obvious alterations. However, there were important histopathological alterations in rats of 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure group. The chief pathological alterations included seminiferous tubules atrophy, the seminiferous epithelial cells disintegrated and shed, spermatogenic cells decreased ( Fig.3D ) , and the lm were oligozoospermic ( Fig. 3D ) . 3.4 Epididymal sperm Compared with the controls, the sperm count and the per centum of motile sperm were significantly decreased in rats of 250 and 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure groups ( P lt ; 0.05 ) ( Fig. 4, 5 ) . 3.5 Testicular biochemical analysis The activities of SOD, GSH-Px and GSH in testicular tissue of rats of 250 and 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure groups were significantly lower than those of the controls ( P lt ; 0.05 ) ( Fig. 6-8 ) . Furthermore, MDA degrees in the testicular tissue were found to be significantly higher in the 250 and 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure groups compared with the control group ( Fig. 9 ) . 4 Discussion DBP is a omnipresent environmental contamination, human are invariably exposed to DBP through nutrient, H2O or contact with a assortment merchandises [ 8 ] . Although preventative steps aimed at cut downing DBP contamination have been implemented, exposure to DBP remains one of the most outstanding environmental wellness jobs [ 8,18 ] . In present survey, the dose-dependent male generative toxicity induced by DBP was shown to be associated with decrease in testicular weights, regressive testicular histological morphology every bit good as with lessening in sperm count and sperm motility. Our survey showed that the testicular weight was significantly decreased in rats of 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure group, The weight of testicles is mostly dependent on the mass of the differentiated spermatogenic cells, the ascertained decrease in the weight of testicles are due to the reduced figure of germ cells and extended spermatids in the testicles [ 14 ] , which is consistent with the consequences of testicular histological alterations. DBP caused regressive histological alterations in the seminiferous tubules which supports the consequences of other writers [ 10,19 ] . Seminiferous tubules wasting and spermatogenic cells decreased were structural index of spermatogenesis failure [ 20 ] . Seminiferous epithelial cells sheding were normally due to the harm of sertoli cells and break of intercellular span [ 21 ] . Our survey showed that the sperm count and the per centum of motile sperm were significantly decreased in rats of 250 and 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure groups, nevertheless the testicular weight and morphology showed no obvious alterations in 250mg/kg/day DBP exposed group. These consequences showed that sperm count and motility is more sensitive parametric quantities in rating of hazards from toxic effects on male generative system, which supports the consequences of other writers [ 14, 22 ] Pro-oxidant and antioxidant balance is critical for normal biological operation of the cells and tissues [ 14 ] , the antioxidant system comprises enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, GSH-Px and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as GSH. SOD and GSH-Px are major enzymes that scavenge harmful ROS in male generative variety meats. GSH repairs oxidized and damaged molecules and besides play a function in modulating a assortment of cellular maps. Oxidative emphasis occurs when the oxidative homeostasis is damaged [ 23 ] . Excessive ROS are generated and caused lipid peroxidation, MDA is one of most of import merchandises of lipid peroxidation which interfere protein biogenesis by organizing adducts with DNA, RNA and protein [ 24 ] . Our surveies showed that the obvious lessening of testicular antioxidant system while outstanding increasing of testicular lipid peroxidation merchandise MDA in testicles of 250 and 500mg/kg/day DBP exposure rats. These parametric quantities alterations were consistent with the alterations of sperm count and motility. It is known that human testicles and sperm cells are highly sensitive to ROS-induced harm [ 25 ] . The elevated degrees of ROS consequence in oxidization of cellular constituents with unsaturated fatty acids, the most vulnerable molecules [ 14 ] . Spermatozoa have been considered to be extremely susceptible to the harm induced by ROS because of their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In add-on, Excessive ROS increase germ cells programmed cell death and suppress the activity of sperm cell [ 23 ] . Similar phenomena frequently are observed after exposure to other chemicals that cause testicular harm [ 14,15,24 ] . It suggests that oxidative emphasis is one of of import mechanisms of testicular harm. In decision, our surveies demonstrate a dose-dependant male generative toxicity of DBP, exposure of the ranked doses of DBP elicit lessening in testicular weight and sperm quality. In add-on, exposure of the ranked doses of DBP generates ROS by diminishing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and increasing lipid peroxidation thereby doing oxidative emphasis in testicles of rats. This concludes that DBP induces testicular toxicity, as least partially, by initiation of oxidative emphasis in testicle.

Double Replacement Reaction Definition

Double Replacement Reaction Definition A double replacement reaction is a chemical reaction where two reactant ionic compounds exchange ions to form two new product compounds with the same ions. Key Takeaways: Double Replacement Reaction A double replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs when two reactants exchange cations or anions to yield two new products.Double replacement reactions are also called double replacement reactions, double displacement reactions, or metathesis reactions.Neutralization, precipitation, and gas formation are types of double replacement reactions. Double replacement reactions take the form: AB- CD- → AD- CB- In this type of reaction, the positive-charged cations and the negative-charged anions of the reactants both trade places (double displacement), to form two new products. Also Known As:  Other names for a double displacement reaction are a metathesis reaction or a double replacement reaction. Examples of Double Replacement Reactions The reaction: AgNO3 NaCl → AgCl NaNO3 is a double replacement reaction. The silver traded its nitrite ion for the sodiums chloride ion. Another example is the reaction between sodium sulfide and hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and hydrogen sulfide: Na2S HCl → NaCl H2S Types of Double Displacement Reactions There are three classes of metathesis reactions: neutralization, precipitation, and gas formation reactions. Neutralization Reaction - A neutralization reaction is an acid-base reaction which yields a solution with a neutral pH. Precipitation Reaction - Two compounds react to for a solid product called a precipitate. The precipitate is either slightly soluble or else insoluble in water.   Gas Formation - A gas formation reaction is one which yields a gas as a product. The example given earlier, in which hydrogen sulfide was produced, was a gas formation reaction.

Implant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Implant - Essay Example A 10 year prospective clinical research study by Karoussis et al (2004) evaluated the periodontal and peri-implant conditions in a cohort of 89 edentulous patients (mean age 58.9 years) in order to assess the environmental, physiological and radiographic changes in the dental implants over a long period of time post-implantation. The rationale for this clinical research study involves the need to establish reliable data relevant to the use of dental implants in patients who have had tooth extractions. These types of data are difficult to obtain since they require long term assessments of patients who have received dental implants. These longitudinal single subject studies also require recruitment of large patient cohorts and need to address physiological and environmental factors that affect long-term success rates for dental implant procedures. The study participants were evaluated at one year and again at 10 years post implantation to evaluate the changes periodontal peri-implant c onditions in individual patients. This study also incorporated an evaluation of risk factors associated with sub-optimal patient outcome post-implantation. Patients recruited in this study had previously been treated for periodontal disease and also had received prosthetic structures such as fixed partial dentures and crowns. ITI dental implant system was used in all patients enrolled in this study. Within this cohort a total of 179 implants were assessed; the same number of control natural teeth were included as a basis of comparison. In addition, all remaining teeth were examined in these patients. Patient behavioral risk factors, particularly cigarette smoking, were also evaluated in this study. The data parameters assessed in this study included plaque index (PI) for teeth and modified plaque index (MPI) for implants, gingival index (GI) for

The Young and Elder Consumers of SONY in United Kingdom Essay

The Young and Elder Consumers of SONY in United Kingdom - Essay Example at there will be an â€Å"increased intergenerational heterogeneity in total spending† – i.e., the effect of pension reforms will tend to change the intergenerational distribution of income, shifting stronger expenditure to the elderly in countries which provide more thorough coverage of retirees’ social benefits than other countries. (1) A Sony product has been designed for old people and the disabled is the BRAVIA LCD television series for the European market, that incorporates standard features such as an audio description function providing the consumer a narrative soundtrack for the visually challenged and impaired, and digital video teletext for those who have loss of hearing function. (2) Sony’s Reader digital device, another product made available in the US, Canada and Europe, stores hundred of books in one unit, but allows readers who have difficulty with their vision to adjust the size of the text on the screen. (3) All Sony TVs also come with adjustable headphone sets that may be used simultaneously with the speakers to be able to enjoy the television program with their non-hearing impaired family and friends. 2. The competition environment, (you can choose three comany) to the older people, you find some resources on what new products these companies developed targeting at older people in recent years.(150-200 words) Teh, J 2009 â€Å"Make-in-Singapore Phone, iNO Mobile, for Elderly to Debut in PC Show,† TechieLobang 11 June 2009. Accessed 18 June 2011 from http://techielobang.com/blog/2009/06/11/make-in-singapore-phone-ino-mobile-for-elderly-to-debut-in-pc-show/ Foresight Technologies of Singapore, making iNO Mobile, for elderly and young children. The phone is described as simple, with the basic features and large number key pad, which will serve the uses of the elderly and young who are not tech savvy but need to get only the fundamental functions. Called the CPO9, the mobile has a candybar design and will sell for a very reasonable

The two worlds in the poems Essay Example for Free

The two worlds in the poems Essay The poems I am comparing are presents from my aunts in Pakistan by Moniza Alvi, two scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes by Lawerence Ferlinghetti and nothings changed by Tatamkhulu Afrika. All these three poems compare two different worlds. The poem by Moniza Alvi compares the Asian traditions and the western traditions. The poem by Tatamkhulu Afrika compares how white people and black people where treated in Africa after a war. The poem by Lawerence Ferlinghetti compares the world between rich, wealthy people and the poor people in San Francisco. The poem Nothings changed is written by a poet who returns to his homeland after a part of the country was declared as whites only. The country that the poet calls his homeland is now destroyed and the poet expresses the anger he felt when the place was first destroyed. He now sees new restaurants which look expensive and stylish with a guard at the gatepost. And further down the road he sees a working mens cafi where people eat without plates from a plastic tabletop. This situation makes him really angry because the white people were seated inside the exclusive restaurant with its ice white glasses and single rose on the table while the black people in Africa ate on plastic table top and wiped their hands on their jeans. The poem is set out in six stanzas and each of the stanzas consists of eight lines which are fairly short. Stanza one consists of a single sentence and it describes what the sees when he first walks into the country that was his homeland cans trodden on crunch in tall purple flowering, amiable weeds. This shows how the poet feels when he sees his homeland. The second stanza has a repetition of and and it also shows that the poet feels the racial separation in this country in every bone in his body, eg my feet know, and my hands, and the skin about my bones. The remaining paragraphs explain the poets feelings towards the white people. The title of the poem refers to the wealth of the white people and the poverty of the black people. The poet had obviously hoped that things would change by the time he came back but to his dismay nothing has changed and it seems like that things have gotten worse.

Role of Women in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness

Women do not play an important part in Heart of Darkness. This is not too surprising as the text was first published for a magazine in 1898. Throughout Marlow's voyage he encounters few women and he does not consider any of them to be his equal. His reference to women places them in their own little world where they should remain. There are a number of reasons as to why Marlow may have this understanding of the female being. These reasons include, but are not limited to, the lack of females in his life, the fact that he is primarily surrounded by men, and the type of women he comes in contact with in his line of work. Â   First and foremost, we will note that Marlow is a seaman. He is a man who has dedicated his life to the ways of the water. As the narrator mentions when speaking of Marlow, "he was the only man of us who still 'followed the sea'" (Conrad, 9). He has been picking up and traveling the world by way of a boat for most of his adult life. The simple fact that he is able to do this without regret is a hint into Marlow's personal life. He cannot be a family man, because it would be too hard for him to be away from family members for such great lengths of time. He may have a mother or a sister somewhere, but it is obvious that, for Marlow, there is no strong bond with any female family member. Even his aunt who so willingly helps him find work is not spoken of lovingly. If Marlow were to have a wife, one would assume that, it would be hard, if not impossible, for him to maintain a faithful marital relationship to her while leading such a Nomadic lifestyle. This is presumably why he is not emotionally attached to a wife or serious girlfriend. Â   It is also safe to say that Marlow does not have any platonic girl associates, because of the statement made about them in their own world. He makes it quite clear that women and men are on two totally different levels. In the time that the story was written, it would have been crazy to think of a woman and a man having a mutual friendship that had no loving or sexual components. Role of Women in Conrad's Heart of Darkness :: Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness Women do not play an important part in Heart of Darkness. This is not too surprising as the text was first published for a magazine in 1898. Throughout Marlow's voyage he encounters few women and he does not consider any of them to be his equal. His reference to women places them in their own little world where they should remain. There are a number of reasons as to why Marlow may have this understanding of the female being. These reasons include, but are not limited to, the lack of females in his life, the fact that he is primarily surrounded by men, and the type of women he comes in contact with in his line of work. Â   First and foremost, we will note that Marlow is a seaman. He is a man who has dedicated his life to the ways of the water. As the narrator mentions when speaking of Marlow, "he was the only man of us who still 'followed the sea'" (Conrad, 9). He has been picking up and traveling the world by way of a boat for most of his adult life. The simple fact that he is able to do this without regret is a hint into Marlow's personal life. He cannot be a family man, because it would be too hard for him to be away from family members for such great lengths of time. He may have a mother or a sister somewhere, but it is obvious that, for Marlow, there is no strong bond with any female family member. Even his aunt who so willingly helps him find work is not spoken of lovingly. If Marlow were to have a wife, one would assume that, it would be hard, if not impossible, for him to maintain a faithful marital relationship to her while leading such a Nomadic lifestyle. This is presumably why he is not emotionally attached to a wife or serious girlfriend. Â   It is also safe to say that Marlow does not have any platonic girl associates, because of the statement made about them in their own world. He makes it quite clear that women and men are on two totally different levels. In the time that the story was written, it would have been crazy to think of a woman and a man having a mutual friendship that had no loving or sexual components.

How Is Curley Presented by Steinbeck in of Mice and Men

Curley is one of ‘Of Mice and Men’s’ major characters. Although he does not appear to hold a central role, he is very important in other respects. The first of these is the way in which he treats George and Lennie, and the ranch workers in general on the ranch. Curley is the boss’ son. Therefore he acts like he is the boss himself. He orders the others around, and, although it is true that he does hold some power on the ranch, he does not hold any respect from the workers.He is nasty towards them, treating as though they are them below him, and often trying to pick fights. Curley is disliked by pretty much everyone on the ranch, and with good reason. George immediately dislikes his hostility, and shows the same attitude in return. He himself says â€Å"I hate that kind of a guy† as soon as he has and warns Lennie to â€Å"have nothing to do with him†. Even Curley’s own wife dislikes him, sarcastically saying â€Å"swell guy, ainâ€℠¢t he† when told to talk to him by Candy. Furthermore, Candy, although not directly airing his dislike mentions the he is â€Å"handy.God damn handy. † The way in which Candy says this hints towards his dislike for Candy being on account of his aggressive nature and hostility, rather than simply being due to his nastiness. His desire to fight with people all the time shows two things. Firstly, it shows inferiority complex: Curley is short, and therefore is constantly trying to be better than â€Å"big guys†. Secondly, it shows his aggression. Curley holds a fighting stance when he first encounters George and Lennie: â€Å"his arms gradually bent at the elbows and his hands closed into fists.He stiffened and went into a slight crouch. † According to Candy, Curley is an amateur boxer and is always picking fights, especially with guys who are bigger than he is. Ultimately, Curley is trying to prove his masculinity. Another way in which Curley can be seen as t rying to prove himself is by marrying a physically attractive woman. His wife is never given a name, but by calling her â€Å"Curley's wife,† Steinbeck indicates she is his possession. Curley refuses to let her talk to anyone on the ranch, isolating her from everyone and setting the stage for trouble.This trouble happens in Section 3, where he accuses Slim of being with his wife and is completely wrong. He is ganged up on by the ranch workers, and picks on Lennie in order to vent his anger at being picked on. This turns out to be a mistake. Lennie quickly crushes his hand, and Curley has to be taken to the hospital. Luckily for George and Lennie, Slim comes to there aid, telling Curley â€Å"your hand got caught in a machine†. He makes a big show of keeping his hand soft to caress her, yet also visits the local whorehouse on Saturday night.While he may strut around the ranch because of his position as the boss' son, he obviously cannot satisfy his wife and is mean, or perhaps simply detached from her. Curley beats up any man who dares to talk to her, but ironically, he rarely talks to her himself, and they spend the majority of the book looking for each other. When Curley’s wife dies, Curley, rather than showing the reaction that would be expected of a man whose wife has just been killed. He does not appear to grieve at all in any way, barely looking at the body, or regarding the her death into his immediate future plans.Instead, his first thought is towards seeking revenge and hunting down Lennie. It is perhaps this moment in the novel which epitomises the way in which Curley is aggressive, nasty, and shows no concern for anyone else apart from himself. All of this seems to be negative however. Surely Steinbeck didn’t present Curley in a poor light? Well, there may some positive aspects to Curley, or perhaps those which are not entirely bad. Firstly, he does appear to show some care for his wife. He is constantly looking for her, a nd appears to try and protect her.Although she is more of a possession to him than a person, he is clearly proud of her, but perhaps for the wrong reasons. Also, Curley is a good worker. He is one of the best on the ranch, having grown up there, and this shows in his care for his work. Unlike most of the other characters, Curley doesn’t develop much over the course of the book, but he stands out as a character with whom Steinbeck does not sympathise. Whilst everyone else is struggling, Curley’s busy picking fights and trying to throw his weight around on his dad’s ranch. He seems to be outside of the economic struggle and even the personal struggle of the Depression.Curley’s the kind of person that is needed in contrast to the mild peacefulness of the other characters. Also, someone is needed to be the source of trouble among the men of the ranch who mostly want to get along. In conclusion, if Steinbeck wrote ‘Of Mice and Men' as being a microcosm o f American society, then Curley represents one clear type of person. This is all the men in the country at the time who are petty and embittered, who wish to appear better than all of the others. He acts as a sort of control variable, whose actions and reactions can almost always be predicted, because he is such a simple shallow person.

Mankind Harming Environment

I believed that mankind harms our environment. During the earliest times, the life-styles of our ancestors were very simple. The air they breathed was clean. The streams were clear and free of harmful organisms. They used natural fertilizers for the agricultural crops. The surroundings were free of household throwaways. Today, there has been a tremendous growth in science and technology. Such advances have brought about changes in terms of new products, improved equipment, and more effective methodologies. Unfortunately, this same technology which made life easier for us produced wastes which are now affecting the quality of our surrounding air, water, and land. Factories and motor vehicles send tones of pollutants into our air. Excessive air pollution poses a danger to our health. It can likewise cause stunted growth and even death to our plants. Out streams are polluted by discharges from industrial plants that use chemicals. Garbage and sink wastes are carelessly thrown in our surroundings. Synthetic fertilizers and insecticides pollute our land and farm products (Allaby, 2002). Are we all aware of the extent of the damages brought about by modernization? Have we contributed to such environmental pollution? What have we done to minimize such danger to our lives? How can we take care of our environment? We must undertake measures to conserve and preserve our resources and minimize utilization of energy before it’s too late. Our fight against pollution is an initial step toward conserving our environmental resources and energy. We must all join hands for this common goal. Reference: Allaby, Michael. (2002). Basics of Environmental Science. Routledge. London.

Once upon a time

Once upon a time there was peace between the people of England and the settlers of the American colonies. But as time went on and England began to take advantage of the colonies this great peace left and turned into a bloody revolution which would change the world. This revolution resulted the end of the great English power and the birth of a new country America. Before the actual fighting really started the relationship between the colonists and Great Britain was stretched out to the breaking point as the Americans Representation was very important to the American colonists. The Americans felt that they needed to be represented when issues were brought up that dealt with the welfare of the American colonists. England felt the colonists should do and act on how they felt. To England the Americans were a private gold mine. The colonists could only take so much before rebelling. The Boston Tea Party is just one example of the Americans being fet up with the suffocating grasp which the British held over them. Taxation without representation became a well known cry from the colonists that could The term sovereignty meant nothing to the Royal family which felt they had total control and overall power of the American colonies settled in the English name. But to the American colonists the term sovereignty meant they had the right to rule themselves as their own nation . Part of coming to the American colonies in the early days was the fact that you had certain freedoms that were not permitted in England. The people of America became used to these freedoms and were not about to change their ways when England needed the raw materials and the business. In England there was no such thing as a constitution. The word existed, but their was no piece of paper telling the people of England what rights they had and did not have. It was all knows in a sense by word of mouth. The Amer

Periodic Table With Common Ionic Charges

Periodic Table With Common Ionic Charges The most-requested printable periodic table has been one for element charges, to predict compounds and chemical reactions. Now, you can use periodic table trends to predict the most common element charges. Group I (alkali metals) carry a 1 charge, Group II (alkaline earths) carry a 2, Group VII (halogens) carry -1, and Group VIII (noble gases) carry a 0 charge. Metal ions may have other charges or oxidation states. For example, copper usually has a 1 or 2 valence, while iron typically has a 2 or 3 oxidation state. The rare earths often carry many different ionic charges. One of the reasons you dont normally see a table with charges is because the organization of the table offers a clue to common charges, plus elements can have just about any charge given enough energy and the right conditions. Even so, heres a table of element charges for readers seeking the most common ionic charges of element atoms. Just keep in mind elements may carry other charges. For example, hydrogen can carry -1 in addition to 1. The octet rule doesnt always apply to ionic charges. In some cases, the charge can exceed 8 or -8! Ive got a  huge collection of printable periodic tables, which include all 118 elements. If you dont find what you need, just let me know and Ill have it made for you!

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The writer has clearly set out to convince the audience that the death penalty is wrong and immoral and any justification it may have is overwhelmed precincts on which he demonstrates its thrives. These include racism and the possible incompetence of judge’s prosecutors and juries. Herbert also appeal to the readers logic and commonsense by citing examples of previous supporters of the penalty such as Adam Litpack, who have recently come to change their minds on the same. His description of the death penalty, which is undoubtedly subjective, is aimed evidently at getting the readers emotional support on board. This is especially with the strong and condemnatory terms †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The death penalty in the United States has never been anything but an abomination — a grotesque, uncivilized, overwhelmingly racist affront to the very idea of justice†. In addition, Judge Stephen who posits that deciding the life and death of individuals is not a task that should be lef t to a system that has been found to have flaws. The basis of the initial argument is that the police and prosecutor are liable to withhold and tamper with evidence of innocence in order to ensure they get the verdict. He strengthens his argument by asserting that there have cases where lawyers on whom the defendants lives depend have been drunk or on drugs and as result, innocents have died. Herein he develops his case for banning the practice by opening the reader to the possibility that despite the otherwise viability the penalty, it can result to innocent people dying as one cannot be 100% sure of one’s guilty by making it appear relative to the defenders competence with is also relative to their sobriety, and other circumstances. The writer also uses retrospective evidence to persuade the reader of the authenticity of his claims in a demonstrative of the effects of racism in the wheel of justice. Moreover, he cites cases in the past when prosecutors racism was openly pra cticed, he gives the example of a judge who says he was once told if he ever put â€Å"a nigger in the jury, he would be fired†. The writer then tries to prove that this has not changed much by saying that the prosecutors have however only improved their language as such implying the same sentiments exists even today. Herbert gives credence to his argument by referring to an interview with Patricia Lemay a white juror who once served in a hearing resulting I an execution, during the jury deliberations which are supposed to be archetypical of objectivity and fairness, the jurors displayed nauseating levels of xenophobia and discrimination. This was brought out by the idea among some groups that white lives were more valuable than black ones. Citing credible sources in the form of retired justices Thurgood and Blackmun who he contrast the original intention with the result effectively juxtaposing them to depict the inappropriateness of the penalty. Marshall said that it was app roved by the Supreme Court to be practiced in fairness and justice, however, the promise has turned into empty mockery Blackmun on the other hand rejected it saying he would not be part of a system fraught with arbitrariness, discrimination, caprice and mistake†

Performance Evaluations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Performance Evaluations - Research Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is performance evaluation as one of the crucial factors in enhancing the performance of an employee and in stimulating growth in the organization. However, the organizations that do not have a proper performance appraisal system may face difficulties in retaining and sustaining their workforce. It harms the organization as well as the well-being of the employees. Performance evaluation can be described as the process of providing feedback to the employees regarding the job efficiency as well as career guidance. It can be considered as a fair and balanced examination of the performance of an employee. Performance evaluation tends to structure the relationship with the employees of the organization thus providing legal protection to the companies. The morale and also the performance of the employees tend to improve with the help of the performance evaluation. It is because of good evaluation system the poor performers in the organizations can be ident ified and therefore various suggestions can be provided in order to improve the performance. One of the significant problems faced by the employees in the organizations is related to the performance evaluation. The workplace faces with myriad workplace problems with the employees in relation to time, money and loss of productivity. This tends to increase the overall cost to the organization. Therefore, it is significant for the organizations to prevent such problems from occurring from the very beginning. It is the performance evaluation of the staffs that assists in dealing with the complex problems related to the employees. By instilling good employee evaluation system in the organization and if used constantly with all the employees most of the problems can be prevented from cropping up in the near future. Despite the best efforts of the organizations, difficulties with the employees are bound to occur. It is during such circumstances, performance evaluation has a role to play to identify and thus deal with the complex problems. It also brings discipline at the workplace to a great extent (Delpo & Guerin, 2009). One of the challenges that the supervisors at the organizations face is the performance related problems. The supervisors who are into the profession for a longer period of time have mentioned that the performance evaluation is one of the toughest and most complex issues. However, it is worthy of mentioning that identification of the performances of the employees at the organizations is one of the main responsibilities of the supervisors. Failure to identify the poor performances at the organizations may have a negative impact upon the overall organization thus leading to lower productivity and morale of the staffs. The supervisors at the organizations need to be tactful at handling the poor performances of the employees in the organization by means of performance evaluation system. A few of the preventive measures can be taken in order to prevent s uch issues from happening. It is significant for the supervisors to communicate the set performance standards and what is expected from the employees clearly. If the employees are unaware of the expectations of the employers from them, they might not be motivated to work as per the expectations. It is not required to produce as written document

Get the latest report from Microsoft Corporation and analyze it for Research Paper

Get the latest report from Microsoft Corporation and analyze it for its investment potential - Research Paper Example Since then the company has been excelling in every department and has made itself as an exemplary icon for other companies to follow. Before investing in a particular company, it is prudent that the company’s performance should be properly analyzed. A company’s performance can be analyzed by referring to its financial statements, in other words, a potential investor should dig deep into the financial statements of an organization. Financial statements provide a clear picture of the company’s performance over the year. For and investor, there are many different techniques used to analyze the financial statements but the common approach used to analyze the financial performance is the use of ratio analysis. â€Å"Ratio analysis is a tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information  in a companys financial statements. Ratios are  calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company† (Investopedia). Ratios are further divided into different categories, with each ratio analyzing a different perspective. To analyze the financial performance according to the investor perspective, Investor/shareholder ratios are used. Earnings per share are the portion that an organization allocates to its outstanding share of common stock. EPS is a measure of a company’s profitability. Microsoft’s EPS for the year 2009 was $1.63/share as compared to its EPS of $1.9/share in 2008. This shows that the company was unable to have the same profitability as in 2008. The EPS figure seems discouraging for investors to invest in the company. Dividend per Share shows the company’s ability to give out dividends to its individual shareholders. Microsoft’s dividend per share had increased by $0.08/share. Microsoft’s cash dividend per share in 2009 was $0.52 as compared to $0.44 in 2008. Although the company’s net income

Event planning: The Southeast Asian Games

Event planning: The Southeast Asian Games Introduction to event The 2015 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 28th Southeast Asian Games or 28th Sea Games is a multi-sport event hosted by the city-state of Singapore. Sea games is held once in two years since 1959 and the first time is held in Thailand, Bangkok. The games are under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia. The games are participated by 11 countries which are Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Brunei and Laos (28th SEA Games, 2015). Singapore is the fourth time has hosted Southeast Asian Games since 1993, after a 22-year long hiatus. The 28th Southeast Asian Games was held from 5th June 2015 until 16th June 2015 at the Singapore Sports Hub as main sporting location. The SEA Games was conceived as an expedient to avail forge vigorous regional cooperation, understanding and unity within the South East Asian community. It was established to be a bi-annual multi-sports event to take place between the years when the Olympic Games and the Asian Games were held. In addition to that, about 7000 athletes from 11 participating nations with 36 sports and 402 events will feature in the 28th Southeast Asian Games Singapore 2015. In 2011 during the 26th Southeast Asian Games, held in Indonesian cities Palembang and Jakarta, as the host of the 28th Southeast Asian Games of 2015, Singapore has been nominated to host the event in 2007 and 2013 before, but turned down both opportunities referring to costs connected with the construction of the new Singapore Sports Hub. The 28th SEA Games will show the people of the Southeast Asia that success ultimately comes to ordinary people with extraordinary dreams. It’s not about having a champion, but inspiring the champion that is inside each of us. Stakeholder of the event People and organisations with a legitimate interest in the outcomes of an event are known as stakeholders. The successful event manager must be able to identify the range of stakeholders in an event and manage their individual needs, which will sometimes overlap and conflict (Johnny et al, 2007). As with event impacts, the event will be judged by its success in balancing the competing needs, expectations and interests of a diverse range of stakeholders. When asked the question ‘what makes an event successful’, there are now numerous shareholders that are key components of modern major events that are looking at a whole range of different measures of success. Thus, the stakeholders that I have chosen for discussion of the event impacts are the government and the sponsorship. The first stakeholders that I have chosen is the organizer of the 28th Southeast Asian Games, which is the Singapore Sports Council (SSC) as it relates to stakeholders of government of Singapore. The Singapore Sports Council (SSC) is the national sports agency responsible for engendering access, opportunities and capabilities for individuals to live better through sports. Through Vision 2030, Singapore Sports Council seeks to employ sports as a national strategy to stimulate positive, deeply embedded values for Singaporeans and Singapore. Singapore Sports Council was founded in 1973, through the merger of the National Sports Promotion Board (NSPB) and the National Stadium Corporation (NSC). It engenders opportunities for people to excel in sports; opportunities for people to be engaged in sports as, coaches, officials, volunteers or fans and opportunities for people to do business in sports as sponsors and investors. Singapore is a sovereign republic, with a legal system based on the English common law. The Constitution lays down the fundamental principles and basic framework for the three organs of state, namely, the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The Executive comprises the Cabinet, which is responsible for the general direction of the Government and accountable to Parliament. The Legislature comprises the Parliament and is the legislative authority responsible for enacting legislation. More information on the history of Parliament, Parliament House and activities of the House can be obtained from its website. The Judiciarys function is to independently administer justice. The Judiciary is safeguarded by the Constitution. The Prime Minister of Singapore is appointed by the President of Singapore under Article 25 of the Constitution. The President, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, also appoints other Ministers from among the Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government. He chairs the Cabinet, which is the central decision-making body of the executive government. It is an organ of state and central to Singapores system of government. Click for more information on the Cabinet appointments. In order to attract sponsorships, event managers must offer tangible benefits to sponsors, and effective programs to deliver them. Large corporations such as Coca-Cola, 100 Plus and Telstra receive hundreds of sponsorship applications each week, and only consider those events that have a close fit with corporate objectives and a demonstrable ability to deliver benefits. For the event, sponsorship is therefore much more than a means of boosting revenues, but must also meet the needs and objectives of its sponsors (William et al, 2007). Therefore, the second stakeholders that I have chosen is the main sponsor of 28th Southeast Asian Games, which is the NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation. NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd was founded by the labour movement in 1973, with a social mission to moderate the cost of living in Singapore. From one supermarket, it has grown to become Singapore’s largest retailer serving about 430,000 shoppers daily, with a network of over 120 outlets, comprising FairPrice supermarkets, FairPrice Finest and FairPriceXtra. Its convenience stores, FairPrice Xpress and Cheers, has a network spanning over 160 convenience stores island wide and serves over 100,000 customers daily. NTUC FairPrice also owns a Fresh Food Distribution Centre and a centralised warehousing and distribution company. Today, with its multiple retail formats serving the varied needs and interests of people from all walks of life, NTUC FairPrice has kept pace with the changing needs of its customers while remaining committed to its social mission and its aspiration to be Singapore’s leading world-class retailer with a heart. Guided by the philosophy to do well in order to do good for the community, NTUC FairPrice set up the FairPrice Foundation in 2008 to focus its giving efforts to provide a better life for the community. FairPrice Foundation focuses its giving on three strategic thrusts – the poor and needy, nation building and community bonding, and advancing workers’ welfare. FairPrice has since donated $76 million to the Foundation to further these three areas of focus. Political benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder Based on the details above, political benefits towards NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation is increase international prestige. In Singapore, NTUC FairPrice’s sponsorship of 28th Sea Games gave it the benefits of getting its brand name quickly recognised in the Singapore market. It is important for event managers to identify exactly what NTUC FairPrice want from 28th Sea Games and what the 28th Sea Games can deliver for them. They may be seeking mechanisms to drive sales, or want to strengthen client relationships through 28th Sea Games to increase their international prestige and to attract more new customer. Besides, political benefits towards NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation and the government of Singapore is promoting social cohesion. The sponsorship will include SGD $2 million cash from FairPrice Foundation and SGD $3 million value in kind from NTUC FairPrice to the 28th Sea Games in support of the region’s most prestigious multisport event. This is the largest donation FairPrice and FairPrice Foundation have made to a sporting event to date. This is an ideal partnership for the organizer of 28th SEA Games which are Singapore Sports Council (SSC) as NTUC FairPrice has a strong relationship with the community. As part of FairPrice Foundation’s aim to create a better life for the community, the Foundation supports major activities and social community projects that cater to Singaporeans at large, to foster closer relationships among the community. Economic benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder A primary concern of an event entrepreneur or host organisation is whether an event is within budget and, hopefully, results in a surplus or profit. This is a simple matter of whether the income from sponsorship, merchandise and ticket sales exceeds the costs of conducting and marketing the event. However, from the perspectives of the host communities and governments, a wider range of economic impacts is often of equal or greater significance. Therefore, economic benefits towards government are business opportunities and employment creation. Events can provide their host communities with a strong platform for showcasing their expertise, hosting potential investors and promoting new business opportunities. During the 28th SEA Games, the government of Singapore spent Environmental benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder A major event may require an environmental impact assessment before council permission is granted for it to proceed. Even if a formal study is not required, the event manager should carefully consider the likely impact of the event on the environment. This impact will be fairly contained if the event is to be held in a suitable purpose-built venue, for example, a stadium, sportsground, showground or entertainment centre, but may be much greater if the event is to be held in a public space not ordinarily reserved for events such as a park, town square or street. Crowd movement and control, noise levels, access and parking will often be important considerations. Therefore, environmental benefits towards government is increased environmental awareness and urban transformation and renewal. Firstly, environmental benefits towards government is increased environmental awareness. Governments of Singapore in 28th Sea Games, are increasingly using public education and legislation to promote the recycling of waste materials and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. 28th Sea Games are targeted as opportunities to demonstrate best practice models in waste management and to change public attitudes and habits. Incorporating a waste management plan into the overall event plan has become increasingly good policy. Audience of the 28th Sea Games expectations and the health of the environment require that events demonstrate good waste management principles and provide models for recycling. The waste-wise event manager (government) will reap not only economic benefits, but also the approval of an increasing environmentally aware public. Secondly, environmental benefits towards government is urban transformation and renewal. In the staging of large events in Singapore such as this 28th Sea Games, the provision of infrastructure is often a costly budget component, but this expenditure usually results in an improved environment and facilities for Singapore, and provides a strong incentive for Singapore to act as host. The government of Singapore has been constructed the original stadium to a new sport complex, which is the Singapore Sports Hub and it will be Singapores premier land and sea sports, entertainment and lifestyle destination. The Singapore Sports Hub is a state-of-the-art, fully integrated sports, entertainment and lifestyle hub that will allow everyone in Singapore to watch, play and support sports and entertainment. Featuring a unique cluster development of integrated world-class sports facilities within the city, it will not only spur the development of the sports industry, excellence and participation, but also take sports to the next level in Singapore. Other Related Information Reference List 28th SEA Games. Available from: https://www.seagames2015.com > NTUC FairPrice. Available from: www.fairprice.com.sg > Government Singapore. Available from: www.fairprice.com.sg > Johnny Allen, William O’Toole, Robert Harris, Ian McDonnell, 2007. Festival Special Event Management, Irwin, Sydney. Jonathan Wong, 2015. Singapore SEA Games Budget. Available from: http://www.gov.sg/government/web/content/61466480471bdd139c90dc5660466bae/20150129_ST_SporesSEAGamesbudget3245m.pdf?MOD=AJPERESuseDefaultText=0useDefaultDesc=0> Gene Deletion Strategy: Identify Function of Non-Coding RNA Gene Deletion Strategy: Identify Function of Non-Coding RNA Molecular Biology mainly Non coding RNA Project Contents (Jump to) Non coding RNA Small Nuclear RNA genes Materials and Methods Media YPD and YPD+G418 plates Strain confirmation References A Gene Deletion Strategy to Identify the Function of Non-Coding RNA in the Eukaryotic Genome, Using the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abstract The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key model organism for investigating cellular processes. While it is important to determine the role protein-coding genes play in biological, it is now clear that RNA also plays an important role in these cellular processes. Deletion cassettes were constructed successfully by a PCR based strategy for 12 ncRNAs, which are snR19, snR20, snR14, snR6, snR7, TLC1, SCR1, NME1, RPR1, RUF20, RUF21, and RUF22. Deletions cassettes were transformed into the diploid reference strain BY4743 and the ncRNA gene replaced with the KanMX marker byhomologous recombination. Heterozygous deletion strains were confirmed for each of the 12 genes by extensive PCR analysis and showed positive results for the insertion of the cassette. Following sporulation and tetrad dissection to segregate haploid spores and growth on different selective media, 10 of the 12 ncRNAs were shown to be essential for cell survival by producing 2 viable spores. These include snR19, snR20, sn R14, snR6, snR7, TLC1, SCR1, NME1, RPR1 and RUF20.However, RUF21 and RUF 22 produced four viable haploid spores indicating that these are non-essential genes for the cell.This resource will now enable the role of ncRNAs in cellular processes to be determined, by growth of these deletion strains in a range of different conditions and in different genetic backgrounds. Non coding RNA The term non-coding RNA (ncrna) is usually utilized for RNA that does not encode a protein, however this does not imply that such Rnas dont contain data nor have capacity. In spite of the fact that it has been by and large accepted that most hereditary data is transacted by proteins, late proof proposes that most of the genomes of vertebrates and other complex life forms is indeed translated into ncrnas, a considerable lot of which are alternatively joined and/or transformed into more diminutive items. These ncrnas incorporate micrornas and snornas (numerous if not a large portion of which stay to be distinguished), and likely different classes of yet-to-be-found little administrative Rnas, and a huge number of longer transcripts (counting complex examples of intertwining and covering sense and antisense transcripts), the vast majority of whose capacities are obscure. These Rnas (counting those inferred from introns) seem to embody a shrouded layer of internal signs that control diff erent levels of quality articulation in physiology and advancement, including chromatin structural engineering/epigenetic memory, translation, RNA grafting, altering, interpretation and turnover. RNA administrative systems may focus a large portion of our complex attributes, assume a critical part in ailment and constitute an unexplored universe of hereditary variety both inside and between species. (Mattick JS, 2006) In this project, the functionality of the following non-coding RNA genes in S.cerevisiae will be determined. The non-coding RNA genes mentioned in this study have significant importance in the yeast genome and the determination of functionality of these genes will unveil their exact contribution to eukaryotic cellular function. Non coding RNA genes are those that are transcribed but not translated. They code for either long (>200) or short (200et al., 2012). The highly abundant short non coding RNA genes have been well characterized and are known to play an important role in various cellular functions such as transcriptional regulation, translation regulation, RNA editing etc. Both long and short non coding RNAs are mostly transcribed by RNA polymerase II. However, some species of non coding RNAs are also transcribed by RNA pol III and I. Small Nuclear RNA genes The review article by Guthrie explains the steps that were undertaken to identify the snRNAs associated with the spliceosome (Guthrie and Patterson, 1988) and work carried out by the same group revealed that many of the ‘U-RNAs’ were encoded by single-copy genes, such as U5 which is encoded by snR7 (Riedel et al., 1986). ‘U’ in RNA stand for Uracil, each nucleotide in RNA encloses a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1 throughout 5. A base is appended to the 1 position, all in all, cytosine (C), adenine (A), uracil (U), or guanine (G). Cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines, Adenine and guanine are purines. Materials and Methods Media YPD and YPD+G418 plates YPD media were made from 2% D-glucose, 1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto-peptone. YPD plates were prepared by adding 2% agar to the YPD media. Agar (2%) and G418 Geneticin (200Â µg/ml) was supplement in the YPD media for the preparation YPD+G418 plates. The recepie for YPD+G418 plates is: Bacto Peptone Difco 10g Bacto Yeast Extract Difco 10g Glucose 20g Bacto Agar (if plates) 20g Distilled water qsp 1L Autoclave at 0,5bar After autoclavage let cool down until 55Â °C Add G418 to have a final concentration of 200mg/L (1 mL of 200mg/mL G418 in 1L of YPD) (Genetics of Intra Specie Variations) Identification of mating types and cross mating Using 96 well plate, colonies of G418 resistance spores, which have been isolated from replica platting method, were inoculated in 100ul of YPD and 7ulof DMSO and incubated overnight at 30Â °C. This stock can be stored at -20Â °C. The RT2 a strain and RT3 ÃŽ ± strain were allowed to grow in 5ml YPD culture overnight at 30Â °C. Following that two separated 96 well plates were used by filling each well with 10Â µl of the RT2 a strain or RT3 ÃŽ ± strain separately. Then 10Â µl of the tested samples were added each well of the known strains. These were then incubated overnight at 30oC. Following incubation, metal frogger was used to replica plate the crosses onto deficiency plates without leucine and tryptophan. The incubation period was allowed until the colonies were able to be obtained on the deficient media. For crossing, 2ul of the stock spores were pipetted on to deficiency plates without methionine and deficient plates without lysine. This was incubated at 30Â °C until the growth was determined. When all data of the deficiency plates and mating types was known, cross spores of opposite mating type and one defficiency was done by adding 10ul of each mating stock culture into an eppendrof tube and incubated overnight at 30Â °C. Strain confirmation To confirm that the picked cells were haploid spores and that the cells were originally BY4743 yeast, all dissected spores were grown on different SD media. RUF22 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + + + 1B + 1C 1D + + 2A + + + 2B + + 2C 2D + 3A + + 3B + 3C + 3D + + 4A + + 4B 4C + + 4D + + 5A + 5B + 5C + 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C + 6D + 7A + 7B + 7C + + 7D + + Table 2: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for RUF22 gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. RUF21 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + 1B + 1C + + 1D + + 2A + 2B + + 2C + + 2D + 3A + + 3B + 3C + 3D + + 4A + + 4B + + 4C + + 4D 5A + 5B + + 5C 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C + 6D + Table 3: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for RUF21 gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. TLC1 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + + 1B + + 1C 1D + + 2A + + 2B + + + 2C 2D + 3A + + + 3B + 3C + 3D + 4A + + 4B + 4C + 4D + + 5A 5B + + 5C + 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C 6D + + 7A 7B 7C + + + 7D + + + Table 4: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for TL gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. The data in Tables 2 and 3 shows the results of the dissected RUF22 and RUF21 spores after being given the required time to grow. It was found that there was no growth in the SD(-URA), SD(-HIS) and SD(-LEU) plates indicating that they were BY4743-derived tetrads. Moreover, the growth of the spores observed in the YPD+G418, SD(-MET) and SD(-LYS) in the case of RUF22 and RUF21 deleted strains indicating that these cells derived from tetrads and were haploid knockouts. References Genetics of Intra Specie Variations. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LBMC/gisv/index.php/en/protocols/yeast-methods/72-yeast-media-recipes Mattick JS, M. I. (2006, April 15). Pub Med. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651366

Hydroponics Growing Without Soil :: essays research papers fc

Hydroponics: Growing Without Soil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The science of growing plants without soil has been known and used for more than one-hundred years. The word “hydroponics';, however, is comparatively new. Dr. W.E. Gericke is usually given credit for coining the word, which translated from Greek, means “working water';. The famous hanging gardens of Babylon were probably on of the first attempts to grow plants hydroponically. The work of Dr. Greicke in the 1920’s and 1930’s in California, however, is generally considered the basis for nearly all forms of hydroponics. During the 1940’s at Purdue University, Robert B. and Alice P. Withrow developed another hydroponic method. Their process was called Nutriculture. Nutriculture varied from Dr. Gericke’s method in that gravel was used as a rooting medium.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War II a number of commercial installations were built in the United States. The majority of these were located in Florida. Most were out of doors and subject to the rigors of the weather. Poor construction techniques and operating practices caused many of them to be unsuccessful and production inconsistent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How is the quality of the food today affected by the methods of Hydroponics of today? Body   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The growing media that is used for gardening greatly effects the production of the plants. If sand is used as a medium it should be tested thoroughly for any residue that might cause infected growing medium. The sand should be cleaned at least every three of four weeks. Leaching is also a major step, it is to be done at the end of each crop cycle ( Jones 69-70). Sand that is used for the medium should have sawdust mixed with it to allow for better drainage. The sawdust also makes the sand lighter and not pact together as easy ( Bridwell 86).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gravel is another medium, it is used more often because it is easier to clean. If gravel is used round, smooth, river-type is preferred. Granitic types are the best because of its hardness. Whatever type of gravel that is purchased must be thoroughly washed and cleaned to get rid of any calcareous on the gravel. The size is also a factor when selecting gravel. The pieces of gravel should be no smaller than a quarter inch in diameter and larger than a half inch. Crushed stone is not preferred because the sharp edges can injure the root system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sterilizing process is an easy, but a long and tedious job.